The Aquilaria Family — Understanding the Trees Behind the Scent

Not all oud is created equal — and the differences begin at the species level. The genus Aquilaria contains approximately 21 recognised species, but only a handful are commercially significant for agarwood production. Understanding which species produces which type of oud is fundamental knowledge for any serious collector or trader. Aquilaria malaccensis is the most historically important species. Native to the rainforests of Southeast Asia — from northeastern India through Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo — it is the species that has been traded along ancient spice routes for centuries. Malaccensis produces what many consider the classical oud scent: deep, complex, and richly resinous. It is also the most heavily protected species, listed under CITES Appendix II due to severe over-harvesting. Aquilaria crassna is the dominant species in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and parts of Vietnam. It is responsible for the sweet, fruity, honey-like oud profile that has made Cambodian agarwood legendary. Crassna is also one of the most widely cultivated species in plantation settings, particularly in Thailand and Laos, where large-scale inoculation programmes have been established. Aquilaria sinensis grows primarily in southern China, particularly on Hainan Island and in Guangdong and Yunnan provinces. Chinese oud from sinensis has a distinctive character — often lighter, more floral, and with a unique herbal quality that sets it apart from Southeast Asian varieties. Hainan oud has developed a strong following among connoisseurs who appreciate its subtlety. Aquilaria hirta is found in Borneo and Brunei, producing oils with a green, slightly mineral character that is highly prized in niche circles. Aquilaria filaria grows in Papua and the Moluccas, producing the intensely resinous, powerful ouds associated with Papuan agarwood. Each species brings its own genetic fingerprint to the final scent, and experienced noses can often identify the species from the oil alone. 💬 Discussion: Can you distinguish between Aquilaria species by scent? Which species produces your favourite oud?